In 1099 the Crusaders conquered Jerusalem and massacred both its Jewish and its Muslim inhabitants. The Crusaders ruled the city until 1187, when their kingdom was taken by the Muslim leader Saladin al-Ayyubi. In 1192 the Crusaders founded a second kingdom, smaller in size, which was destroyed by the Mamluk Muslims in 1291.
Jerusalem was the capital of the first Crusader kingdom, but during the second Crusader kingdom they ruled only part of the city for only 15 years, and moved their capital to Acre. In Jerusalem they built markets, churches and hospitals within city limits that were about the same size as the Old City of today.
Throughout most of this period Jews were not allowed to live in the city, but toward the end a small number were given permission to live near the Tower of David, near the king’s palace.